Major science and technology infrastructure is a "national tool" to build China into a world science and technology power. It can sustainably promote the output of major original achievements, accelerate the integration of innovation factors, and make breakthroughs in high-end industries. With the development of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and the advance of economic globalization, international competition is becoming increasingly complicated, and the development of major scientific and technological infrastructure has entered a new stage and faced new challenges. The profound change of scientific research paradigm and the rapid development of interdisciplinary integration will put forward higher requirements for the construction level of major scientific and technological infrastructure. By sorting out and analyzing the current situation of major science and technology infrastructure construction, analyzing the new development situation of big science and technology devices, as well as the challenges faced by operation and management, this paper focuses on the problems faced by major science and technology infrastructure development and management bottlenecks. To explore the development path of efficient management mechanism for big science and technology facilities in the future from three dimensions of strategy, policy and management, such as the development of appropriate measures and management policies for major science and technology infrastructure operation, the closeness between national forward-looking deployment and major national needs, the innovative organization and management mode with multi-body participation, and the open and shared international cooperation mechanism. It is of reference significance for improving the construction, operation and management level of major science and technology infrastructure, strengthening major original innovation capacity, building a powerful country in science and technology, and realizing self-reliance and self-improvement of high-level science and technology at an early date.