Abstract: With the exponential growth of global data, the current information storage technologies are facing numerous drawbacks such as high maintenance costs and limited storage lifespan, which are gradually becoming more apparent in their inability to meet the increasing demands. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new information storage methods to address this issue. DNA, as a natural genetic information carrier, possesses advantages such as high storage density, potential low maintenance costs, and long lifespan, making it a potential new information storage medium. The aim of this work is to present an overview of the basic principles and processes of DNA data storage technology, along with a review of its historical development. Furthermore, the challenges that the field of DNA-based storage currently faces, such as slow data write and read speeds, as well as the potential solutions to these challenges, are summarized. Lastly, to fulfill the global demand for innovative storage solutions, the future directions for the DNA data storage technology were summarized.