The unique financial characteristics make smart contract, which are widely nested in various blockchain platforms, one of the most successful applications of blockchain technology. Due to the high economic value of carrying large amounts of assets and virtual currencies, smart contracts are constantly subject to various security attacks. In addition, features such as anonymity and automatic execution make smart contracts used in a variety of illegal transactions and malicious applications. Based on this, the paper firstly introduces the operation mechanism and principle of smart contracts in blockchain-related technologies, discusses the application scenarios of smart contract technology and the potential security vulnerabilities and security problems that may be triggered by the development of smart contract technology, and then, based on the summary of the existing research work, discusses the challenges faced by the field of smart contract vulnerability detection, and looks forward to the future research direction of smart contracts in combination with deep learning technology.